Mitchell’s chemiosmotic theory is a scientific explanation for the production of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) in cells, proposed by British biochemist Peter Mitchell in 1961. The energy released from the oxidation of energy substrates is not used directly to synthesize ATP, but instead, it is used to create a proton gradient that powers the synthesis of ATP. Therefore, oxidative phosphorylation is an indirect coupling of energy release from the oxidation of energy substrates to the synthesis of ATP. This gradient drives the ATP synthase enzyme to produce ATP by adding a phosphate group to ADP. As the electrons are passed down the ETC, protons are pumped across the inner mitochondrial membrane from the matrix to the intermembrane space, creating a proton gradient. The electron carriers in the ETC, such as NADH and FADH2, donate electrons to the ETC and are oxidized in the process. It occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane and involves the transfer of electrons along the electron transport chain (ETC) and the generation of a proton gradient across the membrane. Oxidative phosphorylation is the process by which energy released from the oxidation of energy substrates, such as glucose or fatty acids, is used to synthesize ATP. The chemiosmotic mechanism is a fundamental process in cellular metabolism, and it plays a crucial role in the production of ATP in most living organisms. The movement of protons back through ATP synthase drives the synthesis of ATP, which is used as an energy source by the cell. During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from NADH and FADH2 to the ETC, generating a proton gradient. The process of oxidative phosphorylation, which is the final stage of cellular respiration, involves the chemiosmotic mechanism. The movement of protons back across the membrane through ATP synthase drives the synthesis of ATP from ADP and Pi.The transfer of electrons down the ETC pumps protons from the mitochondrial matrix (or cytoplasm) to the intermembrane space (or extracellular space), creating a proton gradient across the membrane.The chemiosmotic mechanism is based on two key principles: This proton gradient creates an electrochemical potential energy, which drives the synthesis of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi) by the ATP synthase enzyme. The ETC is a series of protein complexes that transfer electrons from NADH and FADH2 to oxygen, forming a proton gradient across the membrane. The mechanism was first proposed by Peter Mitchell in 1961. The chemiosmotic mechanism refers to the process by which cells generate ATP (adenosine triphosphate) through the electron transport chain (ETC) in the inner mitochondrial membrane (in eukaryotes) or the plasma membrane (in prokaryotes).
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